Counter Reformation - 3749 Words

In order to understand the Counter Reformation one must consider the political factors and motivators behind them as well as the belief factors when examining clashes with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church during 16th century experienced a reformation that was both politically and belief driven. The Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation allowed the church to clearly define its position, eliminate unchristian practices and examine its role in world. This paper will address the political motivators of the Counter Reformation, the unchristian practices that fueled corruption and the clearly defined religious concerns of reformers. It will establish that the use of patronage and nepotism ultimately undermined the†¦show more content†¦This initial reform from within started as a grassroots effort by zealous monastic groups. Reformers like Cardinal Jimenez realized that the only way to succeed in the war against heresy was to reform the church. Jimenez devoted his life to reforming and educating the clergy. His work came on the heals of the Spanish Inquisition. Through his works the Spanish church by the time of his death in 1517 rested on a moral foundation of iron. Yet Christianity throughout the rest of Europe was sinking deeper into scandal and corruption. (103TL) Another initiative that led to reform was the revival of mysticism and monasticism. Both mysticism and monasticism gave the Churchs followers a more personal relationship with God. Actually one can look to Teresa of Avila as an example. Her reconversion to the faith led to the establishment of 17 convents of the Carmelite Order. Through her works a movement of Christianity arose that could be practiced and experienced from within the believer. This kind of reform was another factor why the Protestant movement did not take hold in Spain. Followers had faith that stressed personal devotion so why would they look to change faiths. (Bell and Sumner) Like Spain reform had begun in the churchs strong hold Italy prior to the Counter Reformation. There were reasons that Protestantism did gain the firm foothold it gained in the north. Most prosperous Italians were secularly andShow MoreRelatedThe Counter Reformation and Catholic Mass1094 Words   |  5 PagesThis was the birth of the protestant reformation, a major blow to the Catholic Church and her followers. This drove the church to make many in-house adjustments, from religious orders to political influences of the church, reworking the framework of the traditional Mass itself and even restructuring many in house positions. This list of corrections made and actions taken in response to the Protestant Reformation is commonly referred to as the Counter Reformation. To begin the long, arduous processRead MoreCounter Reformation and Art History641 Words   |  3 PagesThe Reformation was a religious movement that divided the church between the Catholics and Protestants. The Counter-Reformation was a reaction movement that followed this originally crusade, and was lead by the Catholics as a response to the wide spread of Protestantism. The purpose of the Counter-Reformation was to spawn internal reforms. This movement was focused on the renewal of the church in the form of the use of images, focus on the church as the house of God, and the veneration of the VirginRead More Understanding Counter Reformation Essay3694 Words   |  15 PagesIn order to understand the Counter Reformation one must consider the political factors and motivators behind them as well as the belief factors when examining clashes with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church during 16th century experienced a reformation that was both politically and belief driven. The Cath olic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation allowed the church to clearly define its position, eliminate unchristian practices and examine its role in world. This paper will addressRead More Europe after the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation783 Words   |  4 PagesEurope after the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation The period immediately following the Protestant reformation and the Catholic counter reformation, was full of conflict and war. The entire continent of Europe and all of its classes of society were affected by the destruction and flaring tempers of the period. In the Netherlands, the Protestants and the Catholics were at eachother’s throats. In France it was the Guise family versus the Bourbons. In Bohemia, the religiousRead MoreCounter Reformation And The Counter Reformation849 Words   |  4 PagesElectronic Encyclopedia published an article about Catholic Reformation, and it wrote that â€Å"Counter Reformation, 16th-century reformation that arose largely in answer to the Protestant Reformation; sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. Although the Roman Catholic reformers shared the Protestants revulsion at the corrupt conditions in the church, there was present none of the tradition breaking that characterized Protestantism. The Counter Reformation was led by conserva tive forces whose aim was bothRead MoreThe Counter Reformation : A Response From The Catholic Church1288 Words   |  6 Pages The Counter Reformation was a response from the Catholic Church in Europe after Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses and the church was losing support and control. Beginning in 1545 with the Council of Trent where the hierarchy of the church discussed ways preserves the Roman Catholic Church again the protestant movement. In protestant churches there was no art work because they believed that there is only one god to worship and worshiping any other such as the saints was against their belief systemRead MoreWestern Civilization: A Very Brief Overview from the Romans to the Counter-Reformation1111 Words   |  5 Pagesproduction of primary goods, food, grains and wool. The Protestant Reformation in 1517 â€Å"Martin Luther† confronted the Catholic Church’s practice of selling indulgences. He placed notices on church doors exposing the corrupted practices. He lived believed good works alone could not earn salvation. The Reformation spread throughout northern Europe. The Catholic Church had no choice but to respond to the Protestant Reformation and they did so in the late 1530s through Spanish reformer â€Å"Loyola.†Read MoreSaint Ignatius Loyola And The Spanish Army2008 Words   |  9 PagesNevertheless, the reading of the rules for the order of Christian life within St. Ignatius Loyola’s spiritual exercise document should be read with respect for the Roman Catholic Church , and read with the understanding of the 16th century Counter Reformation, spirituality, and scholastic learning . Saint Ignatius had a small following of six, they all had the plan of moving to the holy land and live within the imitation of Jesus Christ himself, and to work on the conversion of the Muslims, butRead MoreThe Establishment and Rise of the Jesuits Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesJesuits, began. It’s founder, Ignatius Loyola, created this society very distinct from other orders, in its â€Å"fanatical† obedience to the pope, and requirement of education to be a practitioner in the Society. The Jesuits played a large role in counter-reformation, specifically Protestantism. The Catholic Church used the Jesuits to reclaim many of the souls lost to the heresies that abounded during that age. The Jesuits continue to serve the Church today, especially the Pope, and despite the accusationRead MoreReformation of the Church864 Words   |  3 Pages In sixteenth century Europe, the revival for Roman Catholicism took place. This reformation in the Church is significant ly important as it was during these times when Europe was all but mired by Protestant movements. This revival has often been referred to as the Catholic Counter-reformation, as a response against the Protestant Reformation. Christian humanism found expression, putting emphasis even on the pagan culture and philosophy. Controversies with the Protestants also gave way to

Students With An Individualized Education Plan - 1003 Words

For my practicum, I am in a 4th-grade classroom at Smith Elementary in Cortland New York. The class consists of 18 students between the ages of 9 and 10, all differing abilities and emotional development. After speaking to the head teacher I found out that approximately a little over half the class participates in free or reduced breakfast and lunch program. This tells me that a lot of the students come from middle our low-class families. I was told about a student that also misses at least 1 day of class a week from school interrupting in his learning and overall performance in the class. Other students in the class seem to have varying abilities and learning styles. There are no English Language Learners in the class; however, there are two students with an Individualized Education Plan. Both students, have varying disabilities, therefore, I have decided to use both students for my observation. Due to confidentiality, I will be naming these students Veronica and Alana. My observat ions were taken on two different occasions, observation 1 took place Friday, March 11, 2016, and Observation 2 took place Friday, March 18, 2016. During both observations, I focused on their daily schedules such as when or how often they were taken out of class, or when co-teaching occurred between the classroom and special education teacher. Observation 1: I mainly focused on the morning section, Veronica and Alana both have an Individualized Education Plans are pulled out for most of theShow MoreRelatedGibb and Dyches Workbook Summary1280 Words   |  6 PagesBaldwin Liberty University Gibb and Dyches workbook summary Special Education and the Individualized Education Program The Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a legal document used by schools in order to map out a plan of action for those that are in need of special education. An IEP is created for students who have been classified with a disability and are between the ages of 3 and 21. An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written statement of the educational program designedRead MoreStandard Based Grading And Academic Achievement Among Students With Individual Education Plan1700 Words   |  7 PagesAcademic Achievement among students with Individual Education Plans Nesha Sanders University of the Cumberlands Chapter One: Introduction This study will describe how standard based grading can affect academic achievement in students that have an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Standards-based grading measures as student’s proficiency based on their ability to perform a skill set forth by a state standard. When standards-based grading is implemented students are given clear cut rubricsRead MoreThe Driving Force Behind Designing An Educational Plan779 Words   |  4 Pagesis clear that one size does not fit all when it comes to education. 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Public schools receive funding from the Federal Government for students with disabilities but private schools,† (PritchettRead MoreSummary Of The Response To Intervention1311 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Response to Intervention (RTI) Process Response to Intervention (RTI) is an in school service program designed to guarantee that all students are getting a high quality education. Before students are referred for special education services, it is essential that they receive effective teaching designed to meet their own learning requirements. All students in public schools are required to be included in the RTI program. While the different program may vary from state to state, the basis of theRead MoreCreating Inclusive Classrooms For Elementary Education1060 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 22, 2015 To: Elementary Education Teachers From: Jill Hansen Subject: Creating Inclusive Classrooms Teachers have the challenge of providing the best education for all of the students in their classrooms. 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These laws provide a legal precedence to ensure students with disabilities receive special education services (Hallahan , KauffmanRead MoreThe Education Of All Handicapped Children Act1451 Words   |  6 Pagesallowed to exclude children, especially those with disabilities. However, the recognition of educators to implement change where students with disabilities are concerned has certainly come to the forefront of ethical responsibility with the passing of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) in 1975 now known as the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA). Before EAHCA many states allowed schools to exclude children with disabilities from their mandatory attendance lawsRead MoreStudents with IEPs1386 Words   |  6 Pageseverything else the other students are doing. However, you have this learning disability no one knows about except for you, your parents, the exceptional educator, and now your general education teachers. It’s not easy being different wanting to do everything the other students are doing. Well, this is why mainstreaming and inclusion are important for these students. They want to be successful like everyone else. They want to fit in. They want to go to the general education classes with everyoneRead MoreChildhood Education : Early Childhood Special Education Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Special education Name: Institution: Early Childhood Special education 1-The role of play in learning in early childhood Special Education Play is usually a natural activity in early childhood and has significant importance in early childhood special education. Play assists in enhancing the children social competence, creativity, language development, and their thinking skills. Play is usually the key vehicle for the developing of language, social skulls in young

Financial Analysis Cirrus Networks

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis Cirrus Networks. Answer: Introduction This report is depended upon to perform the financial analysis Cirrus Networks Holdings Limited. To perform the analysis, the financial pronouncements of the company were checked on and an analysis was appeared for every individual part of the financial clarifications. The analysis undertaken will analyze companys statement of financial position and statement of financial performance to assess the companys performance and current financial position. Cirrus networks limited is a network and IT service provider operating Australia. Companys operations include setting up, managing and maintaining IT structures for its clients. Financial Analysis Current resources Current resources of a company are the inclinations that are held for near one year. These favorable circumstances will either be designed off or stop to be useful inside 1 year. These purposes of interest are normally utilized for standard operations and orderly capital necessities. These favorable position similarly extra company's working capital necessities. In 2014, the company had current resources worth 1,360,000. This would suggest that company had sufficient current focal centers for resource its controlled operations and manage its short term cash stream needs. Regardless it should be seen that these inclinations were twice reliably prior so it would be endorse that company should manage its currents resources more profitably. In 2015, the company had current resources worth 5,481,914. This would recommend that company had satisfactory current motivations behind excitement for resource its dependably operations and manage its short term cash stream needs. In any case it should be seen that these favorable circumstances were 33% a year prior so it would be prescribe that company should manage its currents resources more appropriately. Noncurrent resources Resources are portrayed by the IASB as the points of interest controlled and controlled by the substance, for which a satisfactory acknowledged was paid, it is likely that future monetary reasons for interest will stream to the entity and such future financial favorable circumstances could be measured consistently. Non Current resources are those focal centers that have important proximity of more than 12 years and the substance wishes to hold it for such period. Non-current resources are otherwise called theories, as their complete monetary worth is not comprehended in one financial year. It should be seen that the idea paid for non-current cost is advanced rather than being expensed out. This incorporates company would spread the total cost among the total supportive years in which the motivation behind slant will be utilized rather than the year as a part of which it is acquired. In 2014, the company had non-current resources worth 4,790,661. This would prescribe that company had satisfactory non-current motivations behind eagerness for resource its whole game plan capital necessities and manage its whole course of action cash stream needs. Regardless it should be seen that these favorable circumstances were more evident a year back so it would be recommend that company should manage its non-currents resources more beneficially. In 2015, the company had non-current resources worth 50,000. This would propose that company had lacking non-current resources for resource its whole game plan capital essentials and manage its whole game plan cash stream needs. Despite it should be seen that these slants were fundamentally more noteworthy a year prior so it would be prescribe that company should take sincere measures in order to manage its non-currents resources more successfully. Current liabilities Current liabilities are an organization's commitments or duties that are normal inside one year, showing up on the organization's monetary record and incorporate transient commitment, creditor liabilities, gathered liabilities and particular commitments. On an extraordinarily crucial level, these are bills that are a consequent result of change supervisor and suppliers inside a brief time range. Routinely, organizations pull back or exchange current resources out requesting to pay their current liabilities. In 2014, the company had current liabilities worth 179,928. This would endorse that company had a principal number of financial commitments that would be ought to have been settled. Regardless it should be seen that these liabilities were twice reliably back so it would be recommend that company should continue manage its currents liabilities proficiently. In 2015, the company had current liabilities worth 6,336,111. This would recommend that company had a fundamental number of financial commitments that would be ought to have been settled. In any case it should be seen that these liabilities were less a year prior if consider so it would be recommend that company should carry essential measures manage its currents liabilities proficiently Noncurrent liabilities Non current liabilities are the company's financial commitments that are not required to be settled with the current financial year. The investors of the company have key fervor for the non control liabilities as they have to ensure that the company has cash more than the whole game plan financial commitments. Investors need to ensure that their hypothesis is shielded from liquidation. . As affirm in the financial verbalizations, company had no whole game plan liabilities in 2014 and 2015. Total Operating pay Pay is an organization's pay from all thing or organization bargains. It bars wage from organization hypotheses, financial leveling premium, capital developments on asset bargains, or unmistakable profit, for case, charges. Net pay measures up to gross pay short especially related offering costs. At any rate, this ought to mirror the wholesale cost of things sold, including load, and any business commissions paid. Operating compensation squares with pay short operating costs, which incorporate all offering, general and regulatory costs. In the event that a condition utilizes net pay, the operating costs will for the most part incorporate general and regulatory costs just, since offering costs were by then tended to in dealing with the net pay figure. Operating pay ought not be stirred up for net profit. Operating pay does not address interest pay or cost and organization charges. In 2014 the company had Total (operating) occupations of proportionate to zero. This case alos continued in 2015. Cost of Goods Sold Cost of Goods Sold are the costs accomplished by the business to be operational. These are the brief costs finished during the normal course of business. These are the brief costs that would be inferable the goods or organizations rendered by the business as it key operation. Cost of Goods Sold are the costs obtained by the business to keep the business operational. These cost are reviewed to perceive how gainfully company is managing its invemtory, how cost sufficiently is the company procuring its goods and how profitable the company is. Company's gross profit got from two factors, first is the company's course of action furthermore its Cost of Goods Sold. In order for the company to be profitable it must abatement its Cost of Goods Sold to the unimportant and change its blueprints to the most bewildering In 2014 the company had Cost of goods sold of 189,613. This would suggest that company is standing up to a few financial hindrances as the company had zero pay yet in the interim it is making such high costs. It is endorsed to gather the game-plans and reduction the cost of goods sold. In 2015 the company had Cost of goods sold of 3,249. This would suggest that company is going up against a few financial weights as the company had zero remuneration yet in the interim it is bringing on such high costs. It is endorsed to store up the blueprints and reduce the cost of goods sold. Total costs The expenses of a specific accounting period incorporate the expense of the item sold in that accounting period however these items were acquired or produced in a before period. The wages and compensations earned by the specialistwhether paid or not and rent, power, phone expenses are to be thought about. whether paid amid the accounting time frame or not. To learn the measure of cost, to be charged to the Profit and Loss Account, four sorts of occasions are should have been considered and the trade installment made out association with these occasions. In 2014 company had total costs of 3,752,028. It should be noted that these costs are very enormous costs to keep the business operational. In order for the company to be profitable it must diminishing its cost to the irrelevant and growth its profit to the most persuading. Company should understand how to ensure that the total costs are minimized. Company had total operating cost of 6,473,961 in 2015. Such number would show that company is getting huge costs to keep the business operational. In order for the company to be profitable it must decreasing its cost to the unimportant and headway its profit to the most persuading. Company should understand how to ensure that the total costs are minimized. Any non-operating gain or Loss Non-operating gain or loss it the inflow or outflow from sources that are not companys primary operations. Non-operating pay would incorporate such things as profit pay, profits (and misfortunes) from theories, expansions (or misfortunes) perceived by integrity of outside exchange, resource make downs and other non-operating pay rates and costs While withdrawing an organization's execution over a late quarter or year, it is important to discrete amongst operating and non-operating profit and misfortune. Case in point, if an organization's focal concern profit per offer is tended to be extraordinarily higher this year than a year back, regardless this is a consequent result of a one-time get on hypothesis securities, this ought to be removed from the company's operating pay, auditing the completed goal to get a the reason measure to achieve such high gain in subsequent periods. In 2014, company achieved an operating gain of 117,766 however in 2015 the operating gain feel as company archived operating gain of12,739 in 2015. This would suggest that companys income from secondary sources is decreasing an company should take steps to improve the situation Earnings per common offer EPS is a financial ratio that is used to blueprint company's performance by rising company's gaining from the total number of shares. It picks the profit inferable from each offer of the company. This can be used by the investor to assess fitting cost of the offer. In 2014 company achieved a negative EPS of -0.04.the trend continue in 2015 as it again had a negative EPS of -0.02. This would propose that company is currently bearing titanic misfortunes. This is discouraging due to the fact that company had not made any profits in the recent years.. The statement of cash flows contains three sub sections.. Cash flows from financing activities, cash flows investing activities and cash flows from operating activities, Cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from operating activities are the cash flows that are utilized or earned during the normal operations of the organization that is its key movement. Organization had Cash flows from operating activities or in other words it utilized $ (157,764) in 2014. This would recommend that the organization is not dealing with its cash flows proficiently as it paid more cash than it recuperated from its plans. It is endorsed to the organization that it overhauls its cash organization systems(Financial examination, 2007) Organization had Cash flows from operating activities or in other words it utilized $ (859,347) in 2015. This would recommend that the organization is not dealing with its cash flows proficiently as it paid more cash than it recuperated from its blueprints. It is endorsed to the organization that it updates its cash organization frameworks It could be presented that organization performance identified with cash flows organization as to operating activities declined. (Hansen and Palmer, 1997) Cash flows from investing works out Cash flows from investing activities are the cash flows that are utilized or earned theory activities of the organization that is its optional change. Organization had Cash flows from investing sharpens or in other words it utilized $ (936,175) in 2014. This would suggest that the organization is not dealing with its cash flows sensibly as it paid more cash than it recuperated from its theories. It is prescribed to the organization that it enhances its cash organization frameworks Organization had Cash flows from investing sharpens or in other words it utilized $ (219,161) in 2015. This would endorse that the organization is not dealing with its cash flows satisfactorily as it paid more cash than it recouped from its endeavors. It is prescribed to the organization that it redesigns its cash organization systems(Morley, 1984) It could be gone on that organization performance identified with cash flows organization concerning investing practices declined. Cash flows from financing Cash flows from financing activities are the cash flows that are utilized or earned from financing activities of the organization that is its right hand movement. Organization had Cash flows from financing sharpens or in other words it got $ 510,000 in 2014. This would recommend that the organization is dealing with its cash flows supportively as it paid short of what it recuperated from its theories. It is prescribed to the organization that it keeps up its cash organization frameworks (Sanzo, 1977) Organization had Cash flows from financing practices or in other words it got $ 5,577,931 in 2015. This would recommend that the organization is dealing with its cash flows proficiently as it paid short of what it recuperated from its endeavors. It is endorsed to the organization that it keeps up its cash organization systems(Rees, 1995) It could be allowed that organization performance identified with cash flows organization as to financing practices declined. (Palmer, 1983) Net cash change during the year Organization had a cash stream of 695,030 toward the begin of the year. However the condition redesigned in 2015 as the organization had net cash conformity of 5,194,453 toward the end of the year.It would be endorsed to the organization that it keeps up its cash organization systems(Ratio examination, 1990) Stockholders' equity section Stockholder's equity is incorporated two huge parts: paid in capital and held earnings. Paid-in capital is the total entire of cash the corporation got from investors for their shares of stock. Paid in capital is a noteworthy part of the time separated into two unmistakable records: normal stock and paid-in capital in plenitude of standard. The unflinching stock record ordinarily reports the standard or conferred reason for eagerness of noteworthy shares while the PIC in excess of standard exhibits the total investors were willing to pay for shares over their passed on cost. Held earnings are the profits that the organization has amassed after some time. Reliably the organization makes a profit and doesn't disperse the cash to the investors, it jams in the held earnings account. You can consider this record like the measure of cash investors left in the organization after the majority of the costs were paid. Conclusion Surrounding it could be said that the company performed poorly as it had no remunerations since the latest couple of years and it achieved enormous costs. In 2014, the company had current resources worth 1,360,000. In 2015, the company had current resources worth 5,481,914. This would propose that company had sufficient current motivations behind energy for resource its orderly operations and manage its short term cash stream needs. In 2014, the company had current liabilities worth 179,928, In 2015, the company had current liabilities worth 6,336,111. This would prescribe that company had boundless commitments that would be ought to have been settled. In 2014 the company had Total (operating) wages of proportional to zero. This representation moreover continued in 2015. In 2014 the company had Cost of goods sold of 189,613In 2015 the company had Cost of goods sold of 3,249. This would recommend that company is going up against a few financial inconveniences as the company had zero pay yet in the interim it is gaining such high costs. It is endorsed to store up the blueprints and decrease the cost of goods sold. The company had non operating pay of 117,766 in 2014 which fell vigorously in 2015 to 12,739 in 2015. This would propose that company is losing its remuneration from its non operating activities which are a negative sign. Company had an EPS of - 0.02 in 2014 which worsened to - 0.04 in 2015. This would suggest that company is currently bearing enormous misfortunes. This is for the most part as an outcome of the way that company had made no misfortunes in the past couple of periods. 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(2000).Business analysis valuation. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub. Palmer, P. (n.d.).Improved accountability in Australian not-for-profit entities through enhanced financial reporting. Petty, J. and Titman, S. (2015).Financial Management: Principles and Applications. 6th ed. Pearson Australia. Phillips, R. (2003).Stakeholder theory and organizational ethics. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Phillips, R. (2011).Stakeholder theory. Cheltenham [u.a.]: Elgar. Rees, B. (1995).Financial analysis. London: Prentice Hall. Rodgers, P. (2008).Financial analysis. Oxford: CIMA. Steffy, W., Zearley, T. and Strunk, J. (1974).Financial ratio analysis. Ann Arbor: Industrial Development Division, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Michigan. Svendsen, A. (1999).The stakeholder strategy. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

The god of small things Essay Example

The god of small things Paper Velutha had worked at the Paradise Pickles and Preserves Factory for a number of years and had been a worker (caste aside) who was appreciated for what he does. He had become an invaluable worker, with Mammachi giving him the accolade that if only he hadnt been a Paravan, he might have become an engineer. [7] I think Roy adopts a more lenient portrayal of Velutha as a Paravan. Mammachi pays him less than a touchable carpenter but more than a Paravan[8]. Veluthas presence is unsettling to many who believe he acts above his station. Veluthas oppression is compounded by the fact that his own father seems to reject his behaviour. : Perhaps it was just a lack of hesitation. An unwarranted assurance. In the way he walked. The way he held his head. The quiet way he offered suggestions without being asked. Or the quiet way in which he disregarded suggestions without appearing to rebel[9]. In the context of this novel, Roy portrays Velutha as someone who doesnt really adopt a different lifestyle simply because he is of an apparent lower class. We will write a custom essay sample on The god of small things specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The god of small things specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The god of small things specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In simple terms Velutha doesnt adhere to the unfortunate limitations placed upon him to the idea of being of a lower class and he openly acts in a way that implies he doesnt regard him being an inferior person. I dont think that this is ignorance on Veluthas part, simply Roys ability to expose and explore peoples reactions to those who go against the social conventions of the time. Hindus believe that being an Untouchable is punishment for having been bad in a former life. By being good and obedient, an Untouchable can obtain a higher rebirth. Veluthas lack of complacency causes him many problems throughout the novel. It was not entirely his fault that he lived in a society where a mans death could be more profitable than his life had ever been [10]. Although he is a dedicated member of the Marxist Party, his Untouchable status makes other party members dislike him. This idea is comical in its entirety; Velutha is accepted into this party and yet still manages to be denied full recognition as a party member. When Velutha has an affair with Ammu he breaks the rigid love laws, he breaks the rigid social rules of the caste system and therefore he must be punished for his actions. Roy describes the policemens violent actions as being done out of fear, civilizations fear of nature, mens fear of women, powers fear of powerlessness[11]. The division between the Touchables and Untouchables is so ingrained in Kerala society that Velutha is seen as a nonhuman. If they hurt Velutha more than they intended to, it was only because any kinship, and connection between themselves and him, any implication that if nothing else, at least biologically he was a fellow creature- had been severed a long time ago. [11i] Looking at the History House, it demonstrates exactly how those who go against the rules of society are treated. It seems as though the police use force and then hope to answer questions later. Society responds to this act swiftly, with unwavering harshness[12]. Roy doesnt treat the beating of Velutha with dignity or nobility, to which I thought she might, but with gritty detail thud of wood on flesh boot on bone[13]. This grittiness is used by Roy to perhaps contrast with the graceful and enchanted[14] use of vocabulary that goes before. The book as a whole has been acclaimed for its flowery and extravagant use of words and the way theyve been put together. But with this chapter in particular this typical Roy technique subsides to become a more real representation of whats happening. She uses short, sharp sentences to mirror the continual attack of Velutha. Roy makes it clear that the police hold no regard for Velutha, and presents it in such a way that the police feel it is their duty to do what they did, they were merely inoculating a community against an outbreak. [15] I think the image of one policeman flicking at his (Veluthas) penis with a stick[16] expresses his and perhaps societys need to be dominant. This mocking of someones manhood, someone who cant argue back is suggestive of society as a whole where people are oppressed because of their caste, sex, even age. But I think that Roy does go too far in trying to glorify the character of Velutha. Although I think his death was acceptable within the context of the novel, Velutha as a character doesnt seem to fit in with gritty realism and despair of others. Roy liked to use symbolism in the novel and the Untouchable could therefore be more a symbol than a person, necessarily distant from the middle class embroilments that engulf him. [17] It could also be argued that Roy suffers from constraints, that she follows political correctness in the novel and feels compounded to depict the oppressed untouchable without criticism. Similarly the death of Ammu seems too much as if Roy is succumbing to the power of the Indian-woman-as-victim[18]. Limitations placed on females are inherent in Indian society, perhaps all over the world, and Arundhati Roy uses this prejudice to good effect in the novel. Mammachi is a character who is weighed down heavily by male dominance. As the founder of the family pickle factory, this is one of only a few acts of female assertiveness. And yet she is still not given the respect that she deserves, One night Pappachi broke the bow of Mammachis violin[19]. Mammachi runs the business and Whenever anything serious happened in the factory, it was always to Mammachi and not Chacko that the news was brought. [20] But still it is Chacko who assumes the position of the leader of the factory. It seems, inbuilt into the minds of men is the impression that they shall take a dominant role in affairs whether it is their rightful place or not. Chacko arrogantly says My pickles, my jam, my curry powders. [21] However it could be argued that this arrogance is not in Chackos character but merely representative of mens attitudes towards women in India as a whole. Not only is Mammachi contending with her chauvinistic son who frequently uses the women at the factory for sex she also has to contend with her husband, Pappachi. We clearly see the relationship that Mammachi has reluctantly stayed in for many years is wrong. And we find it hard to understand why Mammachi has put up with the beatings for so long. However what Roy is trying to say is that in Indian society leaving your husband is not the done thing, whatever the circumstances. Roy beautifully and yet painfully uses the description of the great grandmothers portrait With her eyes she looked in the direction her husband looked. With her heart she looked away[22] to reveal to the reader the true feelings of Mammachi- a feeling that we as readers suspect to be true but which hadnt been revealed to us. Roy deals with this concept without emotion, which allows the reader to impart the emotion. Perhaps she feels that as English readers we can empathise more with the wife beating because we live in a society that holds no regard for the abuser, whereas Indian readers may be more used to a husband beating a wife, and therefore accept that it happens. Although Roy introduces us to a culture that has many differences to the one that we are part of she does try to make it more accessible to western readers. Now and again Roy will use a minor detail such as television to remind us that this country is not alien. When reading the novel it is hard not to get encapsulated into the unfolding story and at times Kerala does seem like another world. However these minor touches to detail remind us that this is a country that is not so different, albeit that it has differences with respect to traditions. I think Baby Kochammas encounter with the material world is quite amusing- the idea that she has lived her life backwards. As a young woman she renounced the material world, and now, as an old one, she seemed to embrace it. She hugged it and it hugged back[23]. This possibly shows a warmer side to Baby Kochamma or most probably is symbolic of the idea that if someone shows a little love they would receive a little love. This love is evidently missing from the life of Baby Kochamma. For Roy to fully exploit and explain the culture in Kerala would be intensely difficult; and to accomplish it in a novel is simply impossible. We mustnt forget that The God of Small Things is a novel, and that Roy dictates what happens- Velutha is not a real person, Sophie Mol didnt die and probably doesnt exist. But as the reader we are drawn into her [Roys] story and can only be intrigued by the new ways of life introduced to us by Kerala, India. One critic has said that the women in Kerala are relatively free[24]. But as the Western reader we can only take the perspective of how we expect women to be treated in society. It can be argued that we still place limitations on women, yet when presented with the restraints on women in the novel we feel astounded at how confined women are. Roy allows us as readers to make up our own mind about the culture of India; she doesnt simply condemn the caste system or the repression of women. Vulnerability, the ability to be physically and psychologically wounded, appears in this novel as the condition almost all the characters; whether likeable or unlikable, share. I think the role of the bitter and resentful Baby Kochamma is used by Roy to show how people, especially women, can be affected by their surroundings and moulded into the person they become. Roys intentions in writing the novel were probably to move away from the conventional exotic post-colonial novels about the land of heat and dust, incense and spices[25] and impart some gritty realism into Indian society. She shows death, family decay, incest, paedophilia for what they are but intertwined with them is exotic and vibrant language. This antithesis I feel is what makes the novel more tragic because on one hand you are tempted by the bright mangoes Red bananas[26] and on the other are repulsed by the gurgle of blood on a mans breath[27]. It is these stark contrasts that will forever alter the course of the lives of all the members of the family, sending them each off on spinning trajectories of regret and pain. [28] The problem is, its a very sad book and somehow the sadness of the book is what stays with me. [Arundhati Roy][29]. I think the sadness is not simply the deaths of Sophie Mol and Velutha, or the destruction of lives but why these things occur: caused by the unlawful set of laws that dictate the lives of Indian society. Word count: 2567 words References [1] www. freespeech. org/manushi/103/review. html [2] http:/website. lineone. net/~jon. simmons/roy. com [3] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [4] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [5] www.emory. edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/caste. html [6] Mr. Williams English teacher [7] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [8] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [9] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [10] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [11] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [11i] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [12] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [13] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [14] www. londonstudent. org. uk/4issue/arts/godofsmall. htm [15] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [16] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [17] www. freespeech. org/manushi/103/review. html [18] www. freespeech. org/manushi/103/review. html [19] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [20] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [21] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [22] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [23] www. freespeech. org/manushi/103/review. html [24] www. wsu. edu:8080/~brians/anglophone/roy. html [25] www. freespeech. org/manushi/103/review. html [26] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy [27] The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy. [28] www. curledup. com/godsmall. htm [29] Arundhati Roy Bibliography i The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy i www. freespeech. org/manushi/103/review. html i www. emory. edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/caste. html i www. londonstudent. org. uk/4issue/arts/godofsmall. html i www. wsu. edu:8080/~brians/anglophone/roy. html i www. india50. com/arundhatI. html i www. postcolonialweb. org/india/roy/nishant1. html i endeavor. med. nyu. edu/lit-med/ /webdocs/webdescrips/roy1177-des-. html i www. becal. net/toolkit/damaris/godost. html i www. greenville. edu/~hayes/roy. html.